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1.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 86(4): 236-243, ago. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-764079

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La respuesta inmune a los antígenos de las vacunas está disminuida en los niños con cáncer. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la seroconversión frente a vacuna ADN recombinante contra hepatitis B al momento del inicio de la quimioterapia y/o remisión en niños con cáncer. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo, bicéntrico, controlado, no aleatorizado de niños con diagnóstico reciente de cáncer pareados con niños sanos. Los casos fueron vacunados a tiempo 0, 1 y 6 meses, a dosis de 20 y 40 μg si eran < ó > 10 años, respectivamente, con vacuna ADN recombinante contra hepatitis B, en el momento del diagnóstico en el caso de los tumores sólidos y luego de la remisión en el caso de los tumores hematológicos. El grupo control recibió el mismo esquema, con dosis de 10 o 20 μg respectivamente. Se midieron anticuerpos séricos anti-HBs a los 2, 8 y 12 meses posvacunación. Seroconversión se definió como títulos anti-HBs > 10 mUI/ml al octavo mes. Resultados: Un total de 78 niños con cáncer y 25 controles fueron evaluados con títulos anti-HBs al octavo mes. La tasa de seroconversión fue de 26,9%, en niños con cáncer, sin diferencia por edad, género ni tipo de tumor (p = 0,13; 0,29; y 0,44, respectivamente), y de 100% en el grupo control (p < 0,0001, comparado con los niños con cáncer). En el seguimiento a los 12 meses solo el 31,9% de los niños con cáncer presentaba títulos anti-HBs > 10 mUI/ml. Conclusiones: La vacunación contra hepatitis B con vacuna ADN recombinante, con esquema reforzado de 3 dosis, en el momento del inicio de la quimioterapia y/o remisión provee una respuesta inmune insuficiente en la mayoría de los niños con cáncer. En esta población debieran evaluarse vacunas de tercera generación, con adyuvantes más inmunogénicos, esquemas reforzados a los 0, 1, 2 y 6 meses, medición de títulos de anticuerpos al octavo y duodécimo mes, eventual uso de refuerzos y reevaluación de inmunogenicidad si correspondiese.


Introduction: Immune response against vaccine antigens may be impaired in children with cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroconversion response against hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) at the time of chemotherapy onset and/or remission in children with cancer. Patients and method: Prospective, two-centre, controlled, non-randomised study conducted on children recently diagnosed with cancer, paired with healthy subjects. Cases received HBV at time 0, 1 and 6 months with DNA recombinant HBV at a dose of 20 and 40 μg if < or > than 10 years of age, respectively, at the time of diagnosis for solids tumours and after the remission in case of haematological tumours. Controls received the same schedule, but at of 10 and 20 μg doses, respectively. HBs antibodies were measured in serum samples obtained at 2, 8 and 12 months post-vaccination. Protective titres were defined as > 10 mIU/ml at 8th month of follow up. Results: A total of 78 children with cancer and 25 healthy controls were analysed at month 8th of follow up. Seroconversion rates in the cancer group reached 26.9%, with no differences by age, gender or type of tumour (P = .13, .29, and .44, respectively). Control group seroconversion was 100% at the 8th month, with P < .0001 compared with the cancer group. At month 12 of follow up, just 31.9% of children with cancer achieved anti-HBs antibodies > 10 mIU/ml. Conclusions: Vaccination against hepatitis B with three doses of DNA recombinant vaccine at an increased concentration, administrated at the time of onset of chemotherapy and/or remission provided an insufficient immune response in a majority of children with cancer. More immunogenic vaccines should be evaluated in this special population, such as a third generation, with more immunogenic adjuvants, enhanced schedules at 0, 1, 2, 6 month, evaluation of antibody titres at month 8 and 12 h to evaluate the need for further booster doses.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV , Anti-HIV Agents/immunology , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , /immunology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Liposomes/immunology , Liposomes/pharmacology , HIV , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Drug Carriers/chemistry , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/immunology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Jurkat Cells , Lipids/chemistry , Lipids/immunology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nevirapine/immunology , Nevirapine/pharmacology , Saquinavir/immunology , Saquinavir/pharmacology
2.
Indian J Pathol Microbiol ; 2011 Apr-Jun 54(2): 359-361
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-141987

ABSTRACT

Background: Single dose of Nevirapine to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV is the commonest preventive regimen in resource-limited countries. Objectives: The objective of this study was to detect drug-resistant virus after single dose of Nevirapine (sdNVP) provided to delivering HIV seropositive (HIV+ve) women and to evaluate the time taken for its decay. Results: Of the 36 consenting HIV+ve pregnant women enrolled into the study, the mean hemoglobin and total lymphocyte counts were 10.8 g/dl and 1843 cells/mm 3 , respectively. Mean CD4 counts in 64% of women was 363 cells/mm 3 and mean viral load for 16/36 women was 28,143 copies/ml of plasma. Nevirapine-resistance mutations were detected in 28% of women at delivery; using OLA (Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay). K103N mutations were seen in 19.4% of women while the Y181C mutation was seen in 5%. Both the mutations were detected in 2.7% of women. Sequential blood samples collected at delivery, 7-10 days, 6 weeks, 4 months, 6 months and one year postpartum showed that 81% of K103N mutations and 66.7% of Y181C mutations were detected at 6 weeks postpartum . Wild-type virus had replaced the mutants by one year postpartum in all women except one. Conclusion : These observations are relevant for future treatment with antiretroviral therapy in these women for their HIV disease.


Subject(s)
Adult , Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , Female , HIV/drug effects , HIV/isolation & purification , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , Humans , India , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Mutation, Missense , Nevirapine/administration & dosage , Nevirapine/pharmacology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Pregnant Women
3.
Indian J Med Microbiol ; 2008 Oct-Dec; 26(4): 372-4
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-53969

ABSTRACT

In north India the number of paediatric cases with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is on the rise. Most drug combinations used for treatment of AIDS incorporate nevirapine, resistance to which develops very fast if given singly or because of unplanned interruptions. This paper investigates presence of mutations at codon 103 and codon 215 of the HIV pol gene causing resistance to nevirapine and zidovudine (AZT) respectively in 25 children with AIDS. Mutations T215Y and K103N were detected by a nested cum amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS PCR) and the results were confirmed by direct sequencing in five randomly selected cases. Nineteen patients had received nevirapine containing regimen and six were drug naive. Mutation K103N was observed in 56% (14/25) of the children while mutation T215Y was found in none. Two of the six drug naïve children also showed K103N mutation. Thus, Indian children drug naïve or treated with nevirapine containing regimens show a high rate of mutation conferring resistance to nevirapine which calls for a judicious use of nevirapine both in antenatal and postnatal setting.


Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , DNA, Viral/genetics , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , Female , Gene Products, pol/genetics , Genes, pol , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1/drug effects , Humans , Infant , Male , Mutation , Nevirapine/pharmacology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Zidovudine/pharmacology
5.
Infectol. microbiol. clin ; 12(2): 42-57, jun. 2000. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-288107

ABSTRACT

Los inhibidores no nucleósidos de la transcriptasa inversa (INTI) son drogas potentes para el tratamiento de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). Los compuestos aprobados por la FDA hasta la fecha son Nevirapina (NVP), Delavirdina (DLV) y Efavirenz (EFV). Múltiples estudios demostraron la eficacia de estas drogas para reducir la carga viral (CV) y aumentar el recuento de linfocito CD4+(RCD4), pero ninguno demostró todavía beneficio clínico. Las principales ventajas de su uso son la simple posología y buena tolerancia. Los efectos adversos más importante son el rash, de características e intensidad variables y las alteraciones neurológicas producidas por EFV. Algunas limitaciones que presentan son la interacción farmacológicas con las rifamicinas (que limitan las opciones para las pacientes coinfectados con Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) y el rápido desarrollo de resistencia por parte del HIV a todas las drogas del grupo. La indicación del tratamiento antirretroviral a un paciente infectado con el virus de la inmunodeficiencias humana (HIV) es un momento único y complejo para el paciente y para el médico. El primero pone su esperanza en el tratamiento, mientras que el médico, debe evaluar muchos aspectos además de la efectividad potencial del esquema a indicar. En la práctica médica diaria, el paciente juega un rol fundamental en la elección del esquema farmacológico pues introduce un elemento no siempre considerado por el médico: es él quien tendrá que tomar los fármacos, quien se beneficiará de los resultados biológicos pero también quien deberá afrontar los efectos adversos (EA). Teniendo en cuenta lo anteriormente dicho, los INNTI debieran ser consideradas como tratamiento de primera linea para los pacientes infectados con HIV


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/complications , Delavirdine/pharmacology , Delavirdine/therapeutic use , Didanosine/administration & dosage , Didanosine/therapeutic use , Lamivudine/therapeutic use , Nevirapine/pharmacology , Nevirapine/therapeutic use , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Zidovudine/administration & dosage , Zidovudine/therapeutic use
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